Restriction on Nonylphenol & NPEOs in Textiles

李新

1.What are they used for? 相關用途

Alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are auxiliary chemicals used in different industries. They
# v( a+ _6 Q3 v' i: G, r: ^are good emulsifiers and wetting agents and thus have been used widely in different industrial cleaning systems
4 W( ?$ v  `9 I0 ~! usuch as textile and leather processing, pulp and paper manufacturing, metal working, and agriculture. They are
9 Y9 ?9 |, y  z1 H+ G+ T0 l+ n, {also used as domestic cleaning agents and co-formulants in pesticides and biocides.
; R/ U( Y) S& tIn particular, NP and NPEO (under the family of APs and APEOs respectively) are extensively used as detergent
' M. k# A' P7 R* N8 O" H6 Jauxiliaries in scouring and bleaching process of fibres for removing the fibres impurities such as wax, seed, etc in
textile wet processing.
烷基酚（APs）和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）在不同工業中常用作輔助化學
劑。它們是良好的乳化劑和潤濕劑，因此它們被廣泛地用於不同的工業洗滌過程
7 g: F( }6 |3 {* u6 Q中，如紡織和皮革加工、紙漿和造紙加工、金工和農業等。它們亦會用於家庭洗
" \6 x5 k1 f3 u% y: t7 O, P滌劑中，以及殺蟲劑和除生物劑的處方。
9 \' j9 F4 M4 m" R8 z/ U  `在紡織品的濕處理過程中，壬基酚（NP）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs）（分別
$ _* Z1 g& p$ h屬於烷基酚（APs）族和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）族），主要被用作洗滌劑
3 V1 ^3 p3 \1 U% o的助劑，在纖維的清洗及漂白過程中，用以去除如蠟、籽屑等雜物。
2 F- h+ o- `1 k
; M3 C& S& u2 b( d# V1 X2.What are the problems? 相關問題
6 D  }) L. ~$ R4 {8 E
- R: B- ~: U! W3 r/ i# r$ GSince APs and APEOs are non-biodegradable, they cause severe environmental problems when they are released
. K* s9 O/ e  J8 [( V, d8 ^to the environment as discharges or emissions. They are potent endocrine disrupters to the aquatic environment
and can cause feminisation in male fish. As a result, the fertility or reproductive capability of the fish is reduced
and populations are in danger of shrinking.
6 L. ?$ W- a* f2 q由於烷基酚（APs）和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）是不能被生物降解的，因此，當它們被排放或釋放到環境
: v  U$ n# O# U- ]; w8 p中時，便會引發嚴重的環境問題。對水質生態來說，他們是烈性的內分泌破壞者，能導致雄魚雌性化。結果是
9 ]) X% E) @" [5 e魚的生產力或繁殖率下降，從而使魚的種群有減少的危機。

3.What are the measures? 相關措施
' u/ {0 o/ G) V$ t: f: w
Within the Directive 2003/53/EC published on 18 June 2003, it was added to the Directive 76/769/EEC
restrictions on the marketing and use of the nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEOs) summarized as
0 ?" U9 f6 Z; e( E5 ]below:
' a3 \5 V5 I( Q" b0 E( RBy 17 January 2005, except for pesticides or biocides which have been granted by existing national
authorizations the use of NPEOs as a co-formulant, nonylphenol & nonylphenol ethoxylate may not be used in
* t, P0 S* Z; ^% z7 w; J, Gconcentrations equal or higher than 0.1% (equivalent to 1,000ppm) by mass for the following purposes:
3 F- p7 V+ x5 m: A/ m• industrial and institutional cleaning except those systems where the washing liquid is recycled or incinerated;
: [9 Z# u: h3 ~% Y( E5 b- ~• domestic cleaning;
  i! s6 L$ o9 C/ T, X1 {$ M" M• textiles and leather processing except those without release into waste water or those with special treatments
to remove the organic fraction completely prior to the release;
• emulsifier in agricultural teat dips;
- v. c# d* k+ N. G. K9 i: y& G• metal working except those systems where the washing liquid isrecycled or incinerated;
0 i1 U4 }; ^/ S+ C8 N• manufacturing of pulp and paper;
* v. C! J8 Z' \) R• cosmetic products;
• other personal care products except spermicides;
/ q  h  d$ X! U5 _9 J- g• co-formulants in pesticides and biocides.
, j/ V# [' U3 W8 L3 ]2003年6月18日發佈的2003/53/EC指令已經加進76/769/EEC指令中，該指令限制銷售和使用壬基酚
（NP）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs），概述如下：
從2005 年1 月17 日起，除了已被國家授權准予使用NPEOs 作為處方的殺蟲劑和除生物劑外，用於下列目的壬
基酚（NP ）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs ）的質量比濃度不可等於或高於0.1% （相當於1,000ppm ）：
• 工業和公共清潔，備有洗滌液再循環或焚化的系統除外；
• 家庭清潔；
• 紡織品和皮革加工，不排放到廢水或在排放前經過特殊處理而完全除去了有機物的除外；
• 農用乳頭消毒液的乳化劑；
• 金工, 備有洗滌液再循環或焚化的系統除外；
• 紙漿和造紙加工；
' {) z' a- h+ O  f6 K• 化妝品；
• 其他個人護理用品，殺精劑除外；
• 殺蟲劑和除生物劑的處方。
来源：STC 李昊鹏