Restriction on Nonylphenol & NPEOs in Textiles

李新

1.What are they used for? 相關用途
3 `: Y* ~3 f' X
Alkylphenols (APs) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) are auxiliary chemicals used in different industries. They
are good emulsifiers and wetting agents and thus have been used widely in different industrial cleaning systems
: K, ^3 G7 v# q/ L% v3 Jsuch as textile and leather processing, pulp and paper manufacturing, metal working, and agriculture. They are
' v' V9 H, z' A2 r1 q( }also used as domestic cleaning agents and co-formulants in pesticides and biocides.
In particular, NP and NPEO (under the family of APs and APEOs respectively) are extensively used as detergent
5 h2 `3 I* ~: r) Y# Z" H) \! z" C- qauxiliaries in scouring and bleaching process of fibres for removing the fibres impurities such as wax, seed, etc in
textile wet processing.
' v6 w# l0 p; h烷基酚（APs）和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）在不同工業中常用作輔助化學
劑。它們是良好的乳化劑和潤濕劑，因此它們被廣泛地用於不同的工業洗滌過程
/ h) m$ Q$ E+ _) ~9 ?3 R; h1 u中，如紡織和皮革加工、紙漿和造紙加工、金工和農業等。它們亦會用於家庭洗
' p8 B; R7 b& M: y5 g( c0 {5 w8 k滌劑中，以及殺蟲劑和除生物劑的處方。
在紡織品的濕處理過程中，壬基酚（NP）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs）（分別
+ c1 P0 ~& z9 L  H' z4 M- P7 n屬於烷基酚（APs）族和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）族），主要被用作洗滌劑
8 {2 R4 g# k' Q- ^的助劑，在纖維的清洗及漂白過程中，用以去除如蠟、籽屑等雜物。

2.What are the problems? 相關問題

0 x4 v4 e; t# U6 `, kSince APs and APEOs are non-biodegradable, they cause severe environmental problems when they are released
to the environment as discharges or emissions. They are potent endocrine disrupters to the aquatic environment
: I" {7 p+ F0 h0 w4 Gand can cause feminisation in male fish. As a result, the fertility or reproductive capability of the fish is reduced
and populations are in danger of shrinking.
0 u1 J* i, T& H3 V由於烷基酚（APs）和烷基酚乙氧基化物（APEOs）是不能被生物降解的，因此，當它們被排放或釋放到環境
0 @) h! z$ _$ D- C& D中時，便會引發嚴重的環境問題。對水質生態來說，他們是烈性的內分泌破壞者，能導致雄魚雌性化。結果是
1 `! v0 z8 m( U: B% b" _' ]魚的生產力或繁殖率下降，從而使魚的種群有減少的危機。

3.What are the measures? 相關措施
+ M9 I0 f0 j/ K' J$ c
& x$ {! c9 F# J5 h& }Within the Directive 2003/53/EC published on 18 June 2003, it was added to the Directive 76/769/EEC
  O# W9 n# }# X, `7 f0 l+ Rrestrictions on the marketing and use of the nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEOs) summarized as
below:
' i' W1 n1 M) R: k4 P8 ~By 17 January 2005, except for pesticides or biocides which have been granted by existing national
0 D$ Z9 o' x% b4 Oauthorizations the use of NPEOs as a co-formulant, nonylphenol & nonylphenol ethoxylate may not be used in
concentrations equal or higher than 0.1% (equivalent to 1,000ppm) by mass for the following purposes:
6 N% u/ R* _* N, c4 t: i8 C5 n' |• industrial and institutional cleaning except those systems where the washing liquid is recycled or incinerated;
• domestic cleaning;
. a4 Q. K, H# c$ x2 ~" S6 s• textiles and leather processing except those without release into waste water or those with special treatments
to remove the organic fraction completely prior to the release;
$ J: G3 w5 c$ t% j8 D• emulsifier in agricultural teat dips;
* M; {4 N' ?: s" x• metal working except those systems where the washing liquid isrecycled or incinerated;
0 Z' Y+ D6 A0 ^- v• manufacturing of pulp and paper;
• cosmetic products;
6 s7 r- y7 r/ I# l$ J( v• other personal care products except spermicides;
* a+ x$ I0 M0 y8 K' I• co-formulants in pesticides and biocides.
5 q9 t5 x  J7 S" V! V2003年6月18日發佈的2003/53/EC指令已經加進76/769/EEC指令中，該指令限制銷售和使用壬基酚
（NP）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs），概述如下：
從2005 年1 月17 日起，除了已被國家授權准予使用NPEOs 作為處方的殺蟲劑和除生物劑外，用於下列目的壬
: U1 W6 S4 h$ T1 F; {基酚（NP ）和壬基酚乙氧基化物（NPEOs ）的質量比濃度不可等於或高於0.1% （相當於1,000ppm ）：
• 工業和公共清潔，備有洗滌液再循環或焚化的系統除外；
• 家庭清潔；
• 紡織品和皮革加工，不排放到廢水或在排放前經過特殊處理而完全除去了有機物的除外；
1 B. E' c8 ]3 ?$ T1 N• 農用乳頭消毒液的乳化劑；
• 金工, 備有洗滌液再循環或焚化的系統除外；
• 紙漿和造紙加工；
$ K( a$ K' w! y9 W" b4 r3 m+ v9 F• 化妝品；
• 其他個人護理用品，殺精劑除外；
• 殺蟲劑和除生物劑的處方。
% J9 m9 L5 N: L, ~; M/ K* k来源：STC 李昊鹏